Mubarak was 81 years old; he had ruled Egypt unchallenged since and had appointed no vice president to succeed him legally under the Egyptian constitution. Egypt after Mubarak was, from a U.
Over the ensuing months, I worked with colleagues inside the Harry S. Meanwhile, young activists in Egypt were increasingly restive, and Mubarak was increasingly intransigent as he prepared for his parliamentary elections.
His ruling party rigged elections for the upper house of parliament while shutting down attempts by domestic civic groups to monitor the vote. In June, Egyptian security services dragged a young man, Khaled Said, out of an internet cafe in Alexandria and beat him to death on the street.
Mr Mubarak and his sons were also ordered to be retried on corruption charges for which they were originally acquitted. Mr Mubarak was released from prison in August that year but placed under house arrest before being transferred to a military hospital. In May , Mubarak was found guilty of embezzlement, and sentenced to three years in prison. Alaa and Gamal were sentenced to four years each. The convictions were overturned in January , but a retrial reinstated the same sentences.
An appeals court upheld the sentences a year later, but Alaa and Gamal were freed because of time already served. In November , Mr Mubarak was finally acquitted in a retrial of conspiring to kill protesters during the uprising. At the same time, he was also acquitted of corruption charges involving gas exports to Israel. In March Egypt's top appeals court upheld Mr Mubarak's acquittal and he went free, for the first time in six years.
Born in in a small village in Menofya province near Cairo, Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak insisted on keeping his private life out of the public domain while president. Married to a half-British graduate of the American University in Cairo, Suzanne Mubarak, he was known to lead a strict life with a fixed daily schedule that began at Never a smoker or a drinker, he built himself a reputation as a fit man who led a healthy life.
In his younger days, close associates often complained of the president's schedule, which began with a workout in the gym or a game of squash. He was sworn in as president on 14 October , eight days after the Sadat assassination.
Despite having little popular appeal or international profile at the time, the burly military man used his sponsorship of the issue behind Sadat's killing - peace with Israel - to build up his reputation as an international statesman.
Three Question Time. Gulf Arab States. Israel and Palestine. United States. Should Egypt Miss Him? Michael Young. A regular survey of experts on matters relating to Middle Eastern and North African politics and security. February 21, Sherif Mohyeldeen Nonresident scholar at the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut Unfortunately, at present many Egyptians miss the days of former president Hosni Mubarak, not because he was democratic, fair, or honest.
Tamer Badawi Policy leader fellow at the School of Transnational Governance of the European University Institute Under the presidency of Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi, according to a Zogby Research Services poll in December , 64 percent of Egyptians think their country is worse off than it how it was five years ago, with a significant 59 percent who do not have confidence in the military.
More on: Egypt Inquiring Minds. Post your comments character limit. No links or markup permitted. Comments are moderated and may not appear immediately. Screen names appear with your comment. His security apparatus regularly rounded up dissidents. To monitor groups the Interior Ministry had its General Directorate for State Security Investigations while the tough methods of the Central Security Forces could be relied on to stifle demonstrations.
When criticised by his Western allies, Mubarak would play up the threat posed by Islamists. He played on historical fears and ideas of a so-called confrontation between Islam and the West," says Abdul Mawgud Dardiri, a former MP for the Muslim Brotherhood's political wing. Ultimately however it was Mubarak's presidency that created the conditions whereby a former Muslim Brotherhood leader, Mohammed Morsi, was elected to succeed him.
Mubarak's years of mollifying the Islamists, combined with his government's failure to address high poverty rates and dire social services, boosted the popularity of the well-established Muslim Brotherhood. The Brotherhood had a vast grassroots network and provided hospitals and handouts. In comparison to liberal and leftist groups, it had strong internal structures. Analysts say it adapted to its peculiar status whereby it was banned but largely tolerated.
The corruption of the Egyptian government added to the appeal of the Brothers - who had a relatively clean image. In the last decade of Mubarak's rule, his younger son, Gamal, a former investment banker had filled the cabinet with his inner circle of businessmen friends.
He headed the powerful NDP policy committee. Egypt suffered from a huge bureaucracy and public sector. While the government failed to meet the challenge of reforming education and health services it continued to press ahead with selling off state-owned assets - from factories to land for development.
Mubarak's cronies were seen to be the beneficiaries. Such developments may have angered the general population, but it was steps like a series of constitutional amendments, apparently designed to ensure the transition of power to Gamal, which lost him the support of the military - a crucial pillar of his government.
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